![]() ![]() J Physiol 556(Pt 1):267–282ĭ’Avella A, Portone A, Fernandez L, Lacquaniti F (2006) Control of fast-reaching movements by muscle synergy combinations. (A) The value of variability accounted for (VAF) is 80.67. Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F (2004) Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion. Muscle synergies matrix and synergy activation coefficient under different module amounts during wrist flexion (WF) movement. Krishnamoorthy V, Goodman S, Zatsiorsky V, Latash ML (2003) Muscle synergies during shifts of the center of pressure by standing persons: identification of muscle modes. The motion modulation indexes (MMI) among movement patterns in reaching movements showed apparent differences. We found that synergy structures of different movement patterns were similar (0.05). Torres-Oviedo G, Macpherson JM, Ting LH (2006) Muscle synergy organization is robust across a variety of postural perturbations. Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) was applied to extract muscle synergy vectors and corresponding activation coefficients. Hart CB, Giszter SF (2004) Modular premotor drives and unit bursts as primitives for frog motor behaviors. Tresch MC, Saltiel P, Bizzi E (1999) The construction of movement by the spinal cord. As adults train to run, specific synergies coalesce to become merged synergies. Cereb Cortex 17(4):803–815ĭ’Avella A, Saltiel P, Bizzi E (2003) Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. During development, synergies are fractionated into units with fewer muscles. Klein Breteler MD, Simura KJ, Flanders M (2007) Timing of muscle activation in a hand movement sequence. Here a muscle synergy is defined as the coordinated recruitment of a group of muscles with specific activation balances or specific activation waveforms. Tresch MC, Cheung VC, d’Avella A (2006) Matrix factorization algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets. In this study we define a muscle synergy as a group of muscles activated in synchrony with fixed relative gains thus a synergy represents a muscle activation pattern with consistent spatial characteristics. ![]()
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